Introduction

Forensic anthropology has typically focused on the recovery and examination of human remains. Along with search and recovery, this work entails determining whether the evidence recovered is in the form of a bone or tooth, identifying the species, estimating the time since death, taking into account factors like sex, ancestry, age at death, living stature, taphonomic history, and recognizing any other features. Dwight (1843–1911) was regarded by Stewart (1979a, 1979b) as an early father of American forensic anthropology in this sense. After earning his medical degree from Harvard in 1867, Dwight agreed to become an anatomy professor there. He was the first to put together skeletons after they had been dissected anatomically and use them to build research methods. His works as a result of that effort contributed to the establishment of the basic framework for the disciplines of skeleton biology and forensic anthropology (Ubelaker, 2018). The field of biological anthropology encompasses the following areas of study: human morphology and evolution, the morphological development of non-human primates, human variety in morphology and adaption to various settings, human genetics, and the biological underpinnings of human behavior. The examination of extinct hominin and nonhuman primate communities is fundamental to comprehending the variety within and among human populations, the trajectory of human development, and the mechanisms that have engendered human evolution (Rissech, 2021).

Early research by physical child's age from the teeth eruption sequence and epiphyseal closure are still in use today. When it comes to skeletonized or partially skeletonized remains, severely burned bodies, and buried dead, physical anthropologists are essential personnel. When skeletal, quasi-skeletal, or burned remains are discovered on the surface an osteologist must be qualified to examine, record, retrieve, and otherwise take care of the remains (Cattaneo, 2006). An anthropologist's use of skeletal remains in forensics is crucial since it allows for the use of craniofacial superimposition, facial approximation, distinctive cranial evidence, frontal sinus variances, and postcranial remnants The primary tasks of a forensic anthropologist are to locate, retrieve, and identify human remains (Jayakrishnan et al., 2021). The forensic anthropologist's goals are to: help locate and collect human remains; try to offer a post-mortem interval opinion; look for evidence of any foul play; and analyze the human remains. In order to ascertain the biological profile (anatomical parts that are present; age, sex, ancestry, height, etc.), they search for the morphological particularities of the individual, whether they are alive or dead, intact or fragmented. They also assist in the reconstruction of the facts using taphonomic principles and techniques, in order to respond to legal inquiries. The fields of forensic archaeology, forensic taphonomy, trauma, and DNA analysis are becoming more and more important. Additionally, analysis of human remains can be done remotely or directly on the bones using imaging. The current state of forensic anthropology includes a range of specialists in areas like age at death, trauma, taphonomy, histology, and craniofacial reconstruction (Rissech, 2021).

In the past 20 years, forensic anthropology has seen four major advancements in addition to these two outside developments are the widespread use of enhanced quantitative techniques derived from contemporary comparative samples, the application of forensic archaeological recovery techniques that reinstate the focus on forensic context, the creation of empirically grounded event reconstructions derived from forensic taphonomy and forensic skeletal trauma analysis. Specifically, forensic archaeology had to be included as a crucial new component of the conceptual framework of forensic anthropology due to the depth and methodological principles established within forensic taphonomy, which allowed for the complete consolidation of forensic skeletal trauma analysis (Dirkmaat et al., 2008).