Authors
Aditya Singh
Abstract
UTI or Urinary Tract Infection is an infection caused generally by bacteria Escherichia coli. There are about 85-90% of the cases of UTI is caused by the Escherichia coli which is the most common bacterial pathogens. In this paper, the diagnosis and management of acute and recurrent urinary tract infection in the pediatric and adolescent population is discussed. Related literatures to the urinary tract infections are also summarized in this paper. UTI depends upon various factors such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, and circumcision status. Diagnosis of UTI is done with the help of urine analysis. UTI is a common occurrence in human beings depending upon the severity of the infection it can be both non harmful and harmful. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection, Cystitis, Nephrology, Urology, Paediatrics, Diagnosis
Introduction
Urinary tract infection is generally diagnosed in approximately 5% among the children aged of 2-24 months of age and it is the common cause of illness in children. Urine specimens for culture require invasive methods because the presentation of urinary tract infection in children are usually nonspecific and the diagnosis may be clinically challenging. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection has published the Clinical Practice Guideline for the Initial UTI in Febrile Infants and in Children of 2-24 Months in the year 2011. Technical reports which outlined the current evidences for listed action statements are also complimented along with the publications.
Urinary Tract Infection Morbidity
Urinary tract infection is very common infection in humans mostly in children and adolescents which is caused due to the invasion and replication of the pathogens inside the urinary tract. Nearly 2% of boys and 8% of girls gets affected by the urinary tract infections in the first seven years of life. After otitis media, Urinary tract infection is the second most common bacterial infection in children. The incidence of Urinary tract infection remains on peak in infancy and second peak of the incidence in toddler toilet training years. UTI incidence also increases during the adolescence and it is developed by one in five women during her lifetime. There are about one million patients’ clinic visits, over 500,000 emergency department encounters, and 50,000 hospital admissions by the children and adolescents which are diagnosed by the UTI each year in the United States. The number of patients, encounters for the management of UTI has been gradually increased since 2000. 12-30% of children and adolescents who develop a UTI will develop a subsequent infections. Kidney injury, bacteraemia, urosepsis and even death may led by the acute UTI whereas, long term UTI includes hypertension, proteinuria, renal scarring and renal insufficiency.
References
A., Aiyegoro O., et al. “Incidence of Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) among Children and Adolescents in Ile-Ife, Nigeria.” African Journal of Microbiology Research, July 2007, pp. 13–19.
C., Semwal A., et al. “Urinary Tract Infection among Children and Adolescents of Garhwal Region of Uttarakhand, India.” African Journal of Microbiology Research, vol. 11, no. 36, Sept. 2017, pp. 1392–1398.
Copp, Hillary L., and FranciscoBogdana Schmidt. “Work up of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection.” Urol Clin North Am, vol. 42, no. 4, Nov. 2015, pp. 519–526.
Finnell, S M.E. “Urinary Tract Infection in Children: An Update.” The Open Urology & Nephrology Journal, vol. 8, 2015, pp. 92–95.
Ibeneme, Ca, et al. “Urinary Tract Infection in Febrile under Five Children in Enugu, South Eastern Nigeria.” Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, vol. 17, no. 5, 2014, p. 624.
Koch, Vera H., and Sandra M.c. Zuccolotto. “Urinary Tract Infection: a Search for Evidence.” Jornal De Pediatria, vol. 79, no. 7, 2003, pp. 97–106.
Korbel, Lindsey, et al. “The Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Urinary Tract Infections in Children and Adolescents.” Paediatrics and International Child Health, vol. 37, no. 4, Feb. 2017, pp. 273–279.
Kwok, Wing-Yee, et al. “Incidence Rates and Management of Urinary Tract Infections among Children in Dutch General Practice: Results from a Nation-Wide Registration Study.” BMC Pediatrics, vol. 6, no. 1, Apr. 2006.
Ogbukagu, C. M., et al. “Incidence of Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) amongst Patients Attending Primary Health Centres in Anambra State.” Advances in Microbiology, vol. 06, no. 07, 2016, pp. 537–547.
Okonko, I. O., et al. “Detection of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) among Pregnant Women in Oluyoro Catholic Hospital, Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria.” Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, 2010.
Rahman, Sabita Rezwana, et al. “Occurrence of Urinary Tract Infection in Adolescent and Adult Women of Shanty Town in Dhaka City, Bangladesh.” Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, vol. 24, no. 2, 14 Apr. 2014, pp. 145–152.
Rajendra, Bhimma. “Urinary Tract Infections in Children: A Changing Paradigm.” Advances in Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety, vol. 03, no. 03, 2014.
Silva, Ana Cristina Simões E, and Eduardo Araújo Oliveira. “Update on the Approach of Urinary Tract Infection in Childhood.” Jornal De Pediatria (Versão Em Português), vol. 91, no. 6, 2015.
How to cite this article?
| APA Style | Singh, A. (2019). The Clinical Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Infections in Children and Adolescents. Academic Journal of Microbiological Studies, 1(1), 17-21 |
| Chicago Style | |
| MLA Style | |
| DOI | |
| URL |