Introduction

Fingerprints are one of the most relevant part of evidences that can be obtained from any crime scene for the identification of criminal. In today’s era it has become important to develop new methods preferably nondestructive for the development of crime scene. A fingerprint is mark made by the friction ridges of a human finger. Taking partial fingerprint from a crime scene is essential forensic science practice. Fingerprints on metal or glass surfaces are caused by a finger's grease and moisture. Ink or other materials can be purposefully applied from the peaks of the skin's friction ridges to a smooth surface, like paper, to produce full fingerprint impressions. Fingerprint cards usually record part of the lower joint areas of the fingers in addition to the imprints from the pad on the last joints of the finger and thumbs, which are usually documented in the records. Human fingerprints are appropriate as long-term indicators of a person's identity because they are intricate, almost one-of-a-kind, hard to change and persistent over the course of a person’s life. When someone wants to hide their identity, or when someone is dead or incapacitated and cannot identify themselves, like in the wake of a natural disaster, police or other authorities may use them to find them. Judges, academics, and the media have questioned their use as evidence. There are no set guidelines for point-counting techniques, and scholars have contended that there is no reliable statistical basis for fingerprint evidence and that the error rate in matching fingerprints has not been sufficiently examined (Roberts, 2017) There are three primary categories for fingerprints found at crime scenes primarily the Patent Prints, those patented fingerprints which are made up of dirt, ink, grease, and blood also known as visible fingerprints left on smooth surfaces after a hand comes into contact with blood, ink, or other liquids and transfers them to the surface are known as patent fingerprints. Secondly the Latent Prints where the impression of friction created by a finger's skin and palm is transferred to a surface is known as a latent imprint. Sweat and oil on the skin's surface result in latent fingerprints. In latent prints, fingerprints that are not visible to the human eye but are nonetheless present. Latent imprints are present on many different surfaces, but because they are latent, it is necessary to use fingerprint powders, chemical reagents, or other light sources to detect them because they are not readily visible. Lastly the Plastic Prints which are left on soft surfaces or items such as wax, soap, clay, or cheese (Priyanka and Shabeena, 2022).