Introduction

The collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of audio, video, image evidence gathered during investigations and legal proceedings is known as media forensics. Social media is very important in today’s digital environment and in daily life. Everyday numerous and various types of images, videos are uploaded in the social media platform every single second. However, we are not very sure about its properties and origin of the file, whether they are being manipulated or genuine. To study about this matter, media forensics is one of the greatest solutions to these uncertainties. It seems as though one cannot live without a social networking site. Growing worries about the reliability of digital media were caused in the previous ten to twelve years by the dissemination of simple editing tools that were available to a larger public. In this case, the problem has lately been made worse by the creation of new classes of artificial intelligence algorithms that enable people to create high-quality fake photos and videos (like Deepfakes) without the need for any specialised technical knowledge.

Additionally, multimedia material plays a crucial part in the digital lives of people and civilizations, substantially contributing to the viral transmission of information through social media and web channels. As a result, our society can no longer ignore the need to create tools to maintain the reliability of images and videos shared on social media and web platforms (Pasquini et al., 2021).

According to research, 1.81 trillion photographs are shot worldwide each year, and 6.9 billion of them are shared on WhatsApp daily. 1.3 billion photos are shared daily on Instagram, with around 100 million appearing in posts and more than 1 billion appearing in stories and conversations. 3.8 billion images are being shared everyday through snapchat, 2.1 billion in Facebook and 1 million images through Flickr (www.photutorial.com). One-third of the population is able to access the internet and post photos to websites and social media. These data transmit a number of other things due to their digital characters. Details of their life history, such as the originating device and any processing they have undergone. When visual evidence is used in a crime, this information could become important. Multimedia forensics has been suggested as a possible remedy for this situation in order to examine photographs and videos in order to learn more about their life cycle. All these years, a number of methods are created to evaluate digital images, concentrating on problems with identifying the source device and judging the veracity of the material (Shullani et al., 2017).

An image may be taken and uploaded simultaneously to one or more social networks due to the increasing usage of smartphones. On the flip side, unlawful actions are mushrooming by abusing such digital stuff to accomplish different, occasionally ignoble, goals. Facing these increasing problems, related to different social media in our day today life, it is of great importance to know the origin and properties of images, videos uploaded in social media. By knowing the origin of the image like provenance of the image, from which camera it was shot, to which social media it was uploaded first, it would be of considerable assistance in media forensics, law enforcement and intelligence services in finding out the culprits responsible for creating misleading visual contents, manipulated and misused the images. More generally, it can assist in preserving the credibility of digital media and reducing the effects of misinformation by enforcing trustable sources by finding the properties details like checking out the hash value, metadata details, Exif information of the image, etc (Caldelli et al., 2017).