Authors
Anita Mishra
Abstract
Cloning, the term is defined as the production of an individual having the same genetic identity of their original individual. Natural cloning occur in animals and humans in which new individual is formed from the parent organism’s single cell’s copy. Natural cloning is also known as identical twins, produced by the fertilized egg splits in two or more embryos. These embryo have identical DNA. Now in recent time, artificial cloning is done for many purposes as to secure the genetic data of endangered species. This cloning technique has positive impact on the agriculture animal biotechnology industry, human medicine and animal conservation. This paper represents the cloning methods (embryo splitting and nucleus transfer) which help to provide the high quality cloned animals. Cloning technique has many advantages which also discussed in this paper. Some ethical issues are seem in the animal cloning as the invasiveness of animals, and objections by the people. Keywords: Cloning, Nuclear Transfer, Ethical Issues.
Introduction
An individual which is genetically identical to one individual is known as clone of that individual. It is a form of asexual reproduction that spread nature. The normal process with these steps division, vegetative and reproduction occur in single-cell organisms and plants. By In early stage of division, the spontaneous division of embryos occurs due to which genetically identical individual arise in higher vertebrates. In this process, the parts are evolved separately into independent individuals. In the field of mammals, a new technology is cloning which is applied in the breeding of elite cattle, pigs, goats and sheep. Little data is present on which robust opinion is based and situation is changed in the research studies because of the various developing technologies. The cloning has a drawback as the species classification become difficult when the nucleus of an endangered animal cells is transferred to the pet animal egg that contains egg mitochondria and egg mitochondrial DNA.
Procedure of Cloning
The artificial cloning of higher organisms are based on the principle that has two procedures. The transplantation of nucleus to egg cells proceed the embryo splitting and cloning or embryo cells whose inherited material has been removed that means transfer of nucleus. The techniques of cloning come under the biotechnology in which the procedure is used that do not modify the inherited material in the cell nucleus. The techniques of cloning are used in isolation as well as in the combination with other biotechnology and genetic engineering techniques. Transgenic is a process that modify the genetic material. Biotechnology contain many procedure that are essential element for cloning, only some are optional.
The both procedures, embryo splitting and nucleus transfer are differ by their techniques and the degree of genetic identity that is achieved as a result of embryos. The age and potency of the cells is not changed in embryo splitting. The two or more embryos who are developed from splitting grow in same stage and have the same age as the undivided embryo are genetically identical. In nucleus transfer technique of cloning, the genetic program is transferred from a totipotent blastomer to an unfertilized egg cell. This unfertilized cell’s nucleus has been removed previously. This nucleus transfer technique offers for the replication of an adult individual with their genetic program. The existence of this new individual cannot be driven by the process of fertilization of an egg cell through the sperm cell (Revermann and Hennen, 2000).
Cloning by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In case of normal fertilization, the fusion of sperm cell with the egg cell takes place which gives result in the form of zygote. Zygote contains a complete diploid genome. During the process of fertilization, sperm cell transfers a chemical signal to egg cell called as activation by which egg is triggered to resume the cell cycle and the development of embryo begins. Zygote is known as totipotent cell because it is able to form a complete organism.
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| APA Style | Mishra, A. (2019). Cloning of Animals with Its Applications and Ethical Issues. Academic Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 1(1), 14-19. |
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