Anthropological Studies
[Abbr: Acd. Jr. AJASt]Unreveling Craniofacial Index: A Study On Western Uttar Pradesh Population Of India
by Ayushi Arora
As a fundamental aspect of anthropology, anthropometrics examines the complex dimensions of human existence including the physical, emotional, social and cultural domains. Within this vast field, forensic anthropology is a key discipline, particularly in the context of crime scene investigations and mass disaster scenarios. Cephalometry, a subset of anthropometry, specializes in the measurement of craniofacial dimensions and provides invaluable insight into population characteristics and variation. This paper delves into a comprehensive investigation of anthropometric parameters in the population of Western Uttar Pradesh, sheds light on craniofacial morphologies and their correlation with demographic factors. Through careful data collection and analysis, the study reveals interesting patterns in cranial and facial indices and elucidates prevailing trends in head and face shapes among individuals from the region. Key findings reveal a prevalent presence of brachycephaly among both males and females, underscoring regional influences on head shape characteristics in northern India. In addition, mesocephaly emerges as a notable feature, highlighting the diverse morphological spectrum inherent in the population of western Uttar Pradesh. Analysis of facial morphology reveals a predominance of hyperleptoprosopic faces in women, challenging conventional trends and prompting further investigation into the underlying genetic and environmental determinants shaping facial proportions in this demographic. The significant positive correlations between head dimensions and facial parameters underscore the inherent interrelationships governing craniofacial development and enrich our understanding of patterns of coordinated growth in the study population. This research not only contributes to anthropological understanding of craniofacial diversity, but also has implications for forensic investigations, medical diagnosis, and population studies. By elucidating the anthropometric nuances specific to the population of western Uttar Pradesh, this work offers valuable insights into the complex interplay of genetics, environment and cultural influences shaping human morphology. Keywords: Anthropometric Landmarks, Cephalometry, Cephalic Index, Facial Index
Hand Anthropometry For Forensic Identification And Sex Estimation In The Haryanvi Population
by Dr. Kanika Chhikara
Hand biometry involves measuring and analysing unique physical characteristics of the hand for identification and forensic purposes. The hand's unique morphology and individual variations make it an effective biometric identifier, useful for personal identification and linking individuals to crime scenes. The shape and size of the hand, determined by genetics and developmental processes, remain consistent throughout a person's life, making them reliable and difficult to alter. However, in India, such databases are limited, and population variation can impact the accuracy of hand biometric identification. Combined with other forensic techniques, hand biometry enhances the accuracy and reliability of personal identification in investigations. This study aims to analyse the sexual dimorphism and discriminant functions for sex estimation from the hand in the adult Haryanvi population. A total of 26 hand variables (left and right side) were measured on 113 males and 102 females with the help of vernier callipers. SPSS 21.0 was used for statistical analysis. Student’s T-test showed a significant difference between males and females. The statistical analysis revealed high significant differences between the sexes. Discriminant function analysis revealed a sex classification accuracy of 98.1% accuracy using 7 variables. The findings of this research demonstrate that hand variables could be used to estimate sex. It is used for forensic identification, especially in cases involving mutilated or decomposed remains from mass disasters or other incidents. The results of the present study can be used in different forensic scenarios for sex estimation as well as in clinical and anthropological settings. Keywords: Hand Biometry, Forensic Purposes, Sex Estimation, Sexual Dimorphism
A Case Of Deep Dissection: Bruise Vs Sepsis
by Dr. Ankit Mittal, Dr. Yogesh Kumar, Dr. Gaurav Sharma, Dr. Anil Grag
A hematoma, which is externally visible as a bruise, is characterized by localized bleeding and discoloration of the skin. It occurs due to bleeding from a vascular structure. Similar to other types of bleeding, the cause can be related to bleeding tendencies, anticoagulation, or vessel injury. Vascular injury may result from external abdominal trauma or surgical procedures (iatrogenic). Hematomas represent significant bleeding events within deep soft tissues, often triggered by minimal trauma. Initially, they appear as painful swelling lesions, which can be mistaken for severe infectious conditions like cellulitis or necrotizing fasciitis. Sepsis, also known as septicemia, is the body’s extreme response to infection. It occurs when germs (such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi) enter the bloodstream, leading to blood poisoning. Sepsis can cause septic shock and organ failure, with a potentially fatal outcome in up to half of cases. Immediate medical attention is crucial. If left untreated, sepsis can rapidly damage tissues, impair organ function, and result in death. In a unique case encountered in the mortuary, distinguishing between hematoma and sepsis becomes challenging based on the available information. Keywords: Hematoma, Bruise, Trauma, Sepsis, Death.
Advancements In Skull Superimposition Techniques for Forensic Identification
by Thayanithi C.A
Exploration of the evolution of skull superimposition techniques in forensic identification, focusing on recent innovations and their practical applications. The main objective is to evaluate how these advancements have enhanced the accuracy and reliability of forensic identifications. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of the literature, key developments such as the integration of 3D imaging technologies, advanced algorithms, and the use of machine learning were identified and examined.Various software tools currently used in skull superimposition were assessed for their effectiveness based on criteria such as user-friendliness, processing speed, and landmark detection accuracy. The findings reveal that while some tools offer precision and ease of use, others still require significant manual input, indicating a need for further refinement and standardization in the field. Additionally, three case studies were analyzed to demonstrate the practical application and validation of these advanced techniques across different forensic scenarios. These cases illustrate the real-world impact of modernized skull superimposition methods, highlighting improvements in identification outcomes and discussing the challenges encountered.This analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of skull superimposition techniques, identifying both their strengths and areas for improvement. The conclusion emphasizes that despite significant progress, ongoing research and development are crucial to addressing existing limitations and further enhancing the reliability and accuracy of forensic identifications using these methods. It underscores the importance of continuous innovation and collaboration within the forensic science community. Keywords: Skull Superimposition, 3D imaging, 3D Photogrammetry, Automated identification.