Agricultural Sciences
[Abbr: Acd. Jr. AJASc]Analytical Techniques for Pesticides Detection in Food Commodities
by Benjamin Seii
Pesticides, as the name suggests, are those substances that inhibit, destroy or resist a harmful organism (pest), from any disease and protect the plant and crops during the production. The use of pesticides are increasing worldwide due to large population and their needs. Small quantity of the pesticides is used to kill or control the pest whereas, left pesticides remain in environment or absorbed by the food material, water is harming the health of humans, and aquatic life. Thus, the screening of these pesticides is important to ensure legally acceptable quantity ‘MRLs’ of pesticides that should be used in controlling the pests or disease. Different advanced techniques such as Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and so on have been developed to detect the pesticides. These techniques have high sensitivity, high accuracy, reliability and less time consumption capability but some techniques have drawbacks i.e., HPLC has a low sensitivity for pesticides in food. This review paper studies different analytical techniques for the detection of pesticides in food. Keywords: Pesticides, MRLs, Chromatography
Control on Plant Virus Disease
by Hussein Adinoyi
Throughout the world, plant viruses and its diseases are one of the important limitations for food production. From 100 years ago, studies about the plant viruses and virus diseases given much attention to their control. According to IXth International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) classification of 2012, “there are 91 genera 1005 virus and viroid species infecting plants which are classified largely based on differences in host reaction, serology, genome sequence identity and phylogenic analysis of the virus”. Controlling of plant disease has been tough to attain due to the absence of any operative methods of aiding virus-infested plants. Meristem-tip culture, chemotherapy and thermotherapy can be fruitful but still it cannot be implemented at a large scale. Subsequently, the chief objective is either to avert or interrupt virus contamination or to improve its situations. Numerous methods have been used to accomplish these purposes, comprising phytosanitation (engaging crop hygiene, quarantine measures, eradication, and use of virus-free planting stuff), variations in harvesting styles, and usage of pesticides to regulate routes, slight stress fortification and the disposition of resilient or forbearing ranges. In this review paper, we will discuss about the controlling of plant viral diseases through some techniques such as Control measures, Host Plant Resistance, Chemical Method, Phytosanitation etc. Keywords: Plant Virus Disease, Phytosanitation, Cropping, Pesticides Chemotherapy, Thermotherapy, Meristem-tip
Nitrogen Fertilizer’s Role in Plant Growth
by Khalid Hussain
Nitrogen (N) is an essential element for plant growth and development that is utilized by all plants in the form of NO3 and NH4; it accumulates in edible parts of these leaf vegetable due to the environmental pollution and high nitrate concentrations, mostly if excessive part of nitrogen fertilizer has been applied then, it would be dangerous to individual health. Approximately, 78-79% Nitrogen is available in the atmosphere in inert structure that is not useful for plants and not take-up directly. It is available from industries, atmospheric and biological as well as organic fixation. To conduct the randomized experiment to determine the effect of different concentration of nitrogen on growth, biochemical, quality and yield attributes of plant. Plant were supplied with five levels of basal nitrogen which is 0 (control), 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N/ha (Hectare). Nitrogen fertilizer have no significant effect on plant height and number of outer leaves. In this review paper, going to discuss about the evaluation of different rate of nitrogen fertilizer on growth of plants, crop etc. Keywords: Nitrogen, Fertilizer, Biochemical, Organic Fixation
Plastic Waste Management Technologies
by Serkan Rezaee
Plastics use is considered as the crucial part of our daily life and used in large quantity of applications across the world. It is mostly used in the cities and villages of India, for the purpose of drinking water bottle, purchasing vegetable, plastics objects in kitchen, plastic furniture in home, plastic drum in packing, storing of various chemicals for manufacturing use and its tools are used for domestic purpose and in a number of more because of their natural properties such as neutrality and less bulk densities and make them appropriate material for moving and shifting, which causes less contamination. It will be a part of waste garbage, after the usage of plastic, due to which it creates pollution due to the occurrence of deadly chemical substances and it will contribute in spreading illnesses. By plastic waste management policy, packaging revolt has not been backed but in a lot of countries in India, left littered part of plastic waste creates horrifying optical difficulties and added civic health issues. In most developing countries, increasing ecological attentiveness and decrease in accessible landfill capability have encouraged plastic recycling programmes. Now a days, plastic waste is recycled only 5% to 25% and it contain limited methodologies for utilization of plastic waste again. This review paper, discusses about the existing methodologies of plastic waste management schemes. Keywords: Plastic waste management, Landfill, Recycle, Packaging Revolt
Study on the Adverse Effects of Agriculture on Environment
by A. Elwakil Hassan
It is well known that maximum part of the earth is used in the agricultural field for the production of food. This agricultural field is mostly affected by the environment as it depends upon the natural resources (soil, water, air etc.). In the same way, the agricultural activities also affect the environment because of the need of more production of food (large population). To overcome this problem, farmers use new technologies in which most of the technique give an adverse effect on the environment as the different factors such as chemical fertilizers, use of pesticides, and more irrigation create the problems of land degradation, soil erosion, production of harmful gases, water pollution etc. These problems harms the health of organisms. So, there is a need to reduce the impact of agriculture on the environment by reducing these problems. This review paper gives an idea about how to reduce the impact of agricultural activities on the environment. Government started a scheme of sustainable agriculture through which the impact on the environment can be reduced. Keywords: Chemical Fertilizers, Erosion, Agricultural Activities.